In a single-group, posttest-only study, an observed difference
A) cannot be a placebo effect.
B) might be a placebo effect.
C) is strong evidence for a causal relationship.
D) is almost always going to be statistically significant.
Answer: B
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Before the Citizens United ruling, which factor on tributes to the rapid increase in the number and influence of PACs on campaigns?
A.) the strict limitation of independent expenditures by PACs B.) a law requiring the formation of PACs by an entity that does business with the federal government C.) a court case determining that campaign contributions are a form of speech D.) an FEC ruling that corporate contributions are unlimited free speech
Which theory holds that IGOs engage NGOs because it “lowers the costs” for the IGOs, while the NGOs themselves benefit from the access?
A. legitimacy B. norms C. functionalism D. globalism