Cole and Engestrom explain in A Cultural Historical Approach to Cognition that cognition can be distributed through time and culture because the symbolic world humans create through ideas and philosophies is infinite and lasts longer than the physical world.

One potential problem with deviation IQ scores is that research suggests that IQ scores are rising with each successive generation. This is called the __________ effect

Answer:

Since 1996, neural-tube defects have decreased by over 25 percent in the United States and Canada. No decrease has occurred in Europe. What is the reason for the decrease in the United States and Canada?

Environmental changes in climate are responsible. Physicians routinely check for neural-tube defects at birth, thus causing the decrease. Cereals and breads in the United States and Canada are now fortified with folic acid. Europeans are genetically predisposed to neural-tube defects.