Problem solving is best defined as the use of _____ to achieve a goal

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the presentation of the meat was the __________

a. unconditioned stimulus b. unconditioned response c. conditioned stimulus d. conditioned response

Classical conditioning:

a. is primarily concerned with reflexes. b. is primarily concerned with involuntary responses. c. is passive. d. all of the above