Cowan, et al. (1999) conducted an example of the ________ of research. They investigated developmental changes in short-term memory for single-digit numbers. Their participants were groups of first graders, fourth graders, and young adults

Which of the following best summarizes the central factor in resolution of the initiative versus guilt crisis?

how strict or relaxed parents and teachers are about potty training how parents and society react to a child's seeking independence how an adolescent's parents react to their sexual exploration whether or not a child becomes overly attached to their same-sex parent

Suppose Sam's rich uncle invests $10,000 in XYZ Widgets stock for him. Sam

subsequently knows a great deal about the stock from listening to his uncle. Jill, not having a rich uncle, has saved for a long time, and learned a lot about XYZ Widgets stock by studying the stock market. She invests $10,000 in XYZ Widgets stock. Jill and Sam are equally knowledgeable and equally wealthy. According to the theory of cognitive dissonance who is likely to value the stock more highly? (a) Sam, because it was a gift and he could spend his money on other things (b) Sam, because of insufficient justification (c) Jill, because of justification of effort (d) Jill, because of insufficient justification (e) dissonance theory does not make a prediction in this case