If a treatment for depression is said to be effective, that has been determined through controlled research studies

Ruling out plausible rival hypotheses is central to satisfying which criteria for establishing efficient causality?

a. internal validity b. covariation c. temporal precedence d. external validity

Statistical inference is the process of estimating _____ population parameters from

sample statistics. a. known; known b. known; unknown c. unknown; unknown d. unknown; known