Ruling out plausible rival hypotheses is central to satisfying which criteria for establishing efficient causality?

What is another name for trisomy-21?

a. non-sex-linked-21 b. intellectual disability c. Edward's syndrome d. Down syndrome

Kyla wants to make sure that her dog Axel does not beg for food from the table. Every time that Axel begs, Kyla says, "No," in a sharp, scolding voice and she never gives in. Kyla is using ________

a. positive punishment b. negative reinforcement c. stimulus generalization d. negative punishment