Even though she has taken Spanish courses for years and is almost fluent, Ann just enrolled in Spanish I. Why? She loves the feeling of being the smartest person in the room, and loves to get scores of 100%. Ann is apparently driven by a rather strong ____

Which of the following is not a criterion for inferring causality?

a. the cause and the effect covary b. alternative explanations of the results are eliminated c. the causal variable precedes the hypothesized effect d. participants must be randomly assigned to conditions e. a systematic relationship is observed between the cause and effect

A major theme of Kohlberg's cognitive-developmental theory of gender typing involves a child engaging in

a. resolution of the Oedipal complex. b. an androgyny shift. c. repression. d. self-socialization.