Which of the following is not a criterion for inferring causality?
a. the cause and the effect covary
b. alternative explanations of the results are eliminated
c. the causal variable precedes the hypothesized effect
d. participants must be randomly assigned to conditions
e. a systematic relationship is observed between the cause and effect
D
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Carl is five feet, ten inches tall, has a medium frame, and weighs 154 pounds. In other words, Carl is about in the middle of the ideal weight range according to the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company's desirable weight charts. This means that Carl
A) ?has a healthy waist-to-hip ratio. B) ?needs to gain a few pounds. C) ?should try to lose a few pounds. D) ?none of these.
Hui conducts a correlational study on people's height and their vulnerability to anxiety. Her study establishes that no relationship exists between these two variables. This correlation is most likely represented by
A. +1.0. B. +10.0. C. ?1.0. D. +.01.