Questions should contain qualifying phrases.

The process through which a product or service takes root initially in simple applications at the bottom of a market and then moves up, eventually displacing established companies, is referred to as ______.

Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).

Method of accounting for investment holdings of less than 20 percent (investments in which the investor has little or no influence over the investee), assuming that market prices are available subsequent to acquisition. The fair value method requires that companies classify equity securities at acquisition as available-for-sale securities or trading securities.

(a) fair value method (b) swap (c) controlling interest (d) parent