The metaphor used to describe dual federalism is ______.

It has been shown that giving participants all information about the experiment before they participate, as opposed to sufficient information to decide about participating,

a. makes it necessary to test many more participants than one normally would. b. invalidates most statistical analyses. c. induces participants to ask for a larger reward for participating. d. can substantially alter the results obtained in the experiment.

Tipping can happen due to:

A) balanced number of all types of voters in a state. B) absence of independent voters in a state. C) changes in education levels and occupations. D) increasing polarization of political parties. E) changing political identities of voters.