Biological and environmental factors that are associated with a certain historical event, such as the bombing of Pearl Harbor, can be considered __________

Current theories regarding the evolutionary significance of anxiety and fear suggest that

a. anxiety is viewed as often adaptive, but fear is not. b. fear is viewed as often adaptive, but anxiety is not. c. both emotional responses are adaptive in some circumstances. d. neither emotional response is considered to be adaptive under any circumstances.

A clear advantage of longitudinal designs over cross-sectional designs is that longitudinal designs

a. are quicker and easier to administer b. can be used to assess the stability of individual differences over long periods c. allow tighter experimental control over the experiences children encounter d. are less affected by biased memory effects in which current memories influence perceptions of prior events