In the original version of the Skinner box, rats earn food by _____ a _____; in a later version, pigeons earn a few seconds of access to food by ______ at an illuminated plastic disc known as _____ ______.

Mr. Nydam suffers amnesia and is unable to remember playing golf on a particular course. Yet the more he plays the course, the more his game improves. His experience illustrates the need to distinguish between:

a. short-term memory and long-term memory. b. proactive interference and retroactive interference. c. explicit memory and implicit memory. d. recognition and recall.

Andy is in his middle childhood years. Despite his efforts to do well in school, he failed two subjects and was held back a year. According to Erikson, if Andy is allowed to continue to fail, he is at risk for developing a sense of:

a. shame and doubt b. stagnation c. isolation d. inferiority