Name and define the three central components of expectancy theory
What will be an ideal response?
The three components of expectancy theory are valence, instrumentality, and expectancy.
Valence is the desirability of an outcome to an individual. Valences may be either positive or negative and may vary in size or magnitude. Positive valences are desirable outcomes and include rewards, whereas negative valences are undesirable outcomes.
Instrumentality is the worker's perception about the extent to which performance of one or more behaviors will lead to the attainment of a particular outcome. Instrumentality represents the association between the behavior and the outcome and, as such, can range from -1 to +1. An instrumentality of +1 means performance of that behavior will certainly produce the associated outcome. An instrumentality of -1 means performance of that behavior will certainly not produce the associated outcome.
Expectancy is the perception about the extent to which effort will result in a certain level of performance. Because expectancy represents the chance that exerting a certain amount of effort will result in a certain level of performance, it is expressed as a number between 0 and 1. An expectancy of zero (
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Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
Which of the following statements is true about appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court?
A) The U.S. Supreme Court grants most of the petitions requesting an appeal. B) A refusal to hear a case by the Supreme Court has a precedential effect. C) Quo warranto is a writ issued by an appellate court to a lower court to send the record of the case to the Supreme Court. D) The Supreme Court will only issue a writ of certiorari if at least four justices vote to hear the case.