In the self-referent approach to interpreting a score, a person's score today
A) predicts the person's score without treatment.
B) predicts the person's score following treatment.
C) is compared with an earlier score on a different test.
D) is compared with an earlier score on the same test.
D
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Suppose that you read in a cognitive psychology journal that an experiment's results could be explained by demand characteristics. An example of these demand characteristics might be that
a. the researcher did not give clear instructions to the participants. b. the dependent variable was not sufficiently sensitive. c. the manipulation of the independent variable was too subtle, due to limited range. d. the participants may have guessed the experimenter's hypothesis.
Which of the following statements is true about the characteristics of observers that influence modeling?
a. Older children are reinforced primarily by physical stimuli such as food, affection, and punishment. c. Because of immediate imitation during infancy, reiterations of modeled behavior are unnecessary. b. The set of behaviors we choose to imitate stay constant during our lifetime. d. The probability of imitation of a modeled behavior is inversely proportional to self-esteem of the observer.