Only REM sleep has been associated with dreaming and memory consolidation

Often individuals are not able to answer a straightforward question such as, "Who was president after Richard Nixon?", but they can remember the answer (Gerald Ford) when given a hint such as, "He has the same name as a type of car.". The hint serves as a

a. tip-of-the-tongue cue. b. semantic cue. c. rehearsal cue. d. retrieval cue.

After incurring brain damage, some patients develop language problems. Such patients often cannot tell that the sentence "Tom hit Sally" expresses the same idea as the sentence "Sally was hit by Tom." Apparently, these patients lack an understanding of some of the rules about how words combine with each other in sentences. This shows that these patients have ____

a. ?no grammar b. ?impaired syntax c. ?impaired phoneme comprehension d. ?an impaired language acquisition device