Which of the following individuals has the highest risk of developing schizophrenia?
A. Joe, whose father was under 25 when he was born
B. Allison, whose mother was under 25 when she was born
C. Juan, whose father was over 50 when he was born
D. Veronica, whose mother was over 50 when she was born
Answer: C
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What erroneous assumption led to the development of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?
a. Schizophrenia prevented epileptic seizures. b. Epileptic seizures prevented schizophrenia. c. Schizophrenia resulted from failure to use both hemispheres. d. ECT would result in memory loss that would cure schizophrenia.
Which of these is NOT a criterion for tentatively inferring causation from quasi-experimental studies?
a. A dose-response relationship must exist between the two variables. b. The disease must remain when the cause is removed. c. The cause must precede the disease. d. The relation between the presumed cause and effect must be consistent across different populations.