Which of these is NOT a criterion for tentatively inferring causation from quasi-experimental studies?
a. A dose-response relationship must exist between the two variables.
b. The disease must remain when the cause is removed.
c. The cause must precede the disease.
d. The relation between the presumed cause and effect must be consistent across different populations.
Answer: b. The disease must remain when the cause is removed.
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Kendra, an eighteen-month-old toddler, watches as her big brother crumples up wads of paper and tries to toss them through a small basketball hoop. After seeing this, Kendra is most likely to ___
a. imitate her brother's behavior, but only if he gets some of the wads through the hoop b. imitate her brother's behavior, but only if he does not get any of the wads through the hoop c. imitate her brother's behavior regardless of whether or not he gets some of the wads through the hoop d. not imitate her brother's behavior
Study of the function of the living human brain in the past was difficult because
a. it is difficult to induce brain damage in humans for the purpose of research. b. brain damage is uniform from case to case. c. brain damage is too common. d. researchers have to wait for the natural death of a brain-damaged human. e. by the time researchers obtain a brain, it has undergone significant degradation.