Sensory perceptions that are not directly attributable to environmental stimuli are called ____

Imagine that you are observing one of Pavlov's early experiments on classical conditioning. After a dog is placed in a harness, what is most likely to happen?

a. A tone will be presented, and then a bell will ring. b. If the dog makes an orienting response, he will be given some food. c. A tone will be presented, and the dog will be given some food. d. If the dog barks, he will be given an electric shock.

Reflex responses, which are central to classical conditioning, are

a. learned responses to specific stimuli. b. naturally elicited, unlearned responses. c. conditioned behaviors. d. naturally occurring associations between stimuli.