Seth has a good understanding of the social rules of his language and uses intonation as appropriate when he speaks. Seth seems to have a good understanding of _____

________ is the tendency of individuals to increase their liking for something that they have worked hard or suffered to attain

a. Confirmation bias b. Mental set c. Justification of effort d. Postdecision dissonance

In a famous study, Seligman and his colleagues trained dogs that a tone predicated an inescapable shock

When the dogs were put into a situation where they could avoid the shock simply by moving to a "safe zone" they would simply lie down and receive the shock. This phenomenon is called ___________. A) masochism B) learned helplessness C) a pessimistic response pattern D) negative affectivity