When an event must occur, its probability value is

Which of the following is a real world example of using punishment (response cost) to change people's behaviors so that they will increase their conservation efforts?

a. providing information regarding the number of gallons of water consumed that week b. not providing cash back for recycling c. placing an energy tax on gasoline d. none of these

After prolonged and unpredictable stressful events, cortisol levels ____ and the feedback systems that control hormone levels in the brain may become ____

a. increase; dysfunctional b. decrease; more functional c. increase; more functional d. decrease; dysfunctional