A systematic evaluation of all aspects of the value chain, with the objective of reducing costs and achieving a quality level that satisfies customers is ________

Empirical studies have found that, across firms, Tobin's Q ratio initially increases with managerial ownership fraction, but beyond a critical level, the ratio decreases with further increases in managerial ownership

One argument for why this ratio decreases at higher managerial ownership levels is that: a. board directors no longer believe that they need to monitor management's incentives. b. fewer passive shareholders own the firm's stock. c. outside blockholders tend to be attracted to firms with high managerial ownership, and outside blockholder ownership generally destroys firm value. d. management can use their shares to leverage their entrenched position.

Maslow argued that once a need is substantially satisfied, ________

A) the next need becomes dominant B) individuals no longer require that need C) that need continues to be the primary motivation of an individual D) it becomes a higher-order need