How do individualistic and collectivistic societies differ in their attributions?
What will be an ideal response?
Answer: Individualistic cultural systems focus more on the individual and his choices and personality. Such an emphasis on the person is called an internal attribution. In contrast, collectivistic systems focus more on the surrounding situation, called an external attribution. When shown an underwater scene and later asked to describe it, Japanese remembered more of the background features (such as rocks and plants), and Americans were more likely to focus on a single object, such as the biggest fish.
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Which of the following is an example of conditioned operant behavior?
a) A moth flies toward a light source. b) A rat presses a bar in a Skinner box. c) A newborn infant cries immediately after he is born. d) Pavlov's dog salivates when the bell rings.
Both behaviorism and social learning theory have been criticized for
A) overestimating children's contributions to their own development. B) presenting ideas that are too vague to test empirically. C) emphasizing nature over nurture. D) underestimating children's contributions to their own development.