A rat is trained to self-administer cocaine. Saline is substituted for the cocaine solution, which results in extinction of responding. In this situation, the capacity for a "free" shot of cocaine to reinstate responding for cocaine can be blocked by
a. injection of AMPA into the ventromedial prefrontal cortex.
b. injection of a dopamine agonist into the nucleus accumbens.
c. glutamate induced activation of the ventral tegmental area.
d. injection of a dopamine agonist into the prefrontal cortex.
e. injection of glycine into the ventromedial prefrontal cortex.
Answer: a. injection of AMPA into the ventromedial prefrontal cortex.
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Ekman conducted a number of studies of facial expressions and found that
A) expression varies from culture to culture. B) there are too many emotions to classify. C) seven primary emotions are almost universal. D) common expressions exist only for happiness.
When Ted was growing up, his big brother would slug him on the arm when he greeted him. Now every time his brother approaches, Ted turns his shoulder away from him. What is the conditioned stimulus?
a) the slug on the arm b) Ted turning from his brother c) Ted's brother approaching him d) the discomfort of the slug on the arm