Ideology represents social reality by telling organizational members what is good, what is normal, and what acceptable behavior is within the organization

Jeff believes the Federal government needs to cut spending, yet he refuses to consider a proposal to cut spending because it is supported by members of the "other party." What barrier to effective listening does Jeff's behavior reflect?

a. personal bias b. chance associations c. personal concerns d. flawed messages

Inductive reasoning starts with general statements about what is logically expected and then looks to specific instances to find out whether those statements are true

a. True b. False