Which of the following is an essential ingredient of a "good death"?

In a classic study reported by Tolman (1948), rats were exposed to a complex maze that had three different paths to food: Path 1 was shortest, Path 2 was a bit longer, and Path 3 was the longest

After experiencing all of the paths, rats showed a strong preference for Path 1 (the shortest path). Then, the researchers blocked Path 1 — which also, as it turns out, blocked Path 2. What did rats do when they were placed in this situation? a) After being blocked at Path 1, they tried Path 2, then finally chose Path 3. b) After being blocked on Path 1, they kept trying Path 1 over and over again. c) After being blocked at Path 1, they tried Path 2, and then kept trying Path 2 over and over again. d) After being blocked at Path 1, they immediately switched to Path 3 (not even bothering with Path 2).

Extensive research on the variables that affect operant conditioning has led to which one of the following conclusions?

A) Conditioning cannot and does not take place without awareness. B) Conditioning is maintained in spite of awareness. C) Conditioning is least most effective when the subject is aware and cooperative. D) Conditioning is most effective when the subject is unconscious.