Extensive research on the variables that affect operant conditioning has led to which one of the following conclusions?
A) Conditioning cannot and does not take place without awareness.
B) Conditioning is maintained in spite of awareness.
C) Conditioning is least most effective when the subject is aware and cooperative.
D) Conditioning is most effective when the subject is unconscious.
Answer: B
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Eleven-year-old Leah has developed a sense of competence at a number of useful skills and tasks. She has a positive but realistic self-concept and takes pride in her accomplishments. According to Erikson, Leah has
A) positively resolved the psychological conflict of middle childhood. B) developed an ideal self that guides her behavior. C) yet to encounter the psychological conflict of middle childhood. D) overcome the conflict of role confusion.
Which of these is a problem for surveys used in sex research?
a. lying b. faulty recall c. exaggeration d. all of the above