Which Florentine civic leader was the composer of popular carnival songs?

The origins of what one historian has termed "the alternative cinema network" can be traced to the theorist and filmmaker:

A. Marcel L'Herbier. B. Louis Delluc. C. Iris Barry. D. Lev Kuleshov.

When did the two parallel traditions of white and black gospel music begin to emerge?

A. after the advent of radio B. in the late nineteenth century C. during the first two decades of the twentieth century D. in the 1960s