According to Hamilton, a set of beliefs and expectations we have about certain concepts, events, and situations is also known as a ___________.*

Psychological tests show that 18-year-old Isaiah has an intelligence score of 65. Nevertheless, Isaiah can, with a few seconds of mental calculation, accurately tell the day of the week on which Christmas falls for any year in this century. It would be fair to conclude that

a. the intelligence test Isaiah was given has no validity. b. intelligence tests are generally good measures of verbal but not of mathematical intelligence. c. Isaiah is a person with savant syndrome. d. Isaiah excels in inductive reasoning. e. the intelligence test Isaiah was given has no reliability.

Is it necessary to be able to think at the level offormal operational thought in order to graduate

from college? What will be an ideal response?