All of the following are necessary to effectively communicate a message EXCEPT ______.

Colleen is conducting a research study where she is in the process of gathering a large number of scientific articles so that she can pool and summarize the data statistically. It appears that Colleen is conducting a

a. MANOVA. b. case study. c. meta-analysis. d. factorial experiment.

If electric shock is used to make the sight and smell of alcohol a conditioned stimuli for an aversion response, the electric shock serves as the

a. conditioned response. b. unconditioned stimulus. c. higher-order stimulus. d. unconditioned response.