Which of the following is an example of an involuntary membership group?

During the campaign, one candidate called into question the other candidate's

patriotism, noting, "Obviously, he cares little about our country because he has frequently vacationed in Europe rather than here in the good old U.S.A". How should we evaluate this speaker's use of emotional appeal? A) highly ethical, because he raised an appropriate issue and exposed the other candidate's behavior B) ethically questionable, due to his lack of evidence and reasoning regarding the candidate's actual love of country C) ethically sound, because he provides a concrete instance of how the candidate failed to show love of country when he had the choice D) ethically sound, since it reveals how one candidate understands what it means to be patriotic and how the other candidate does not

Before beginning any presentation, Carly previews the structure of the message that is about to be delivered for the benefit of the audience

Which aspect of presentations is illustrated in this scenario? a) Orientatio b) Motivation c) Conclusion d) Introduction