Traditionally, European college students began their majors upon enrollment for their freshman year and did not spend their first two years studying general education. For many European college students, it generally took ____ years to earn a college degree.

The realization that an object's actual size remains the same despite changes in the size of its retinal image is referred to as

a. retinal disparity. c. object permanence. b. size constancy. d. shape constancy.

Fred gives his dog a treat each time the dog looks to the left. After a while, Fred only gives a treat when the dog takes a step to the left. Finally, Fred gives a treat only when the dog turns completely around. This situation is an example of

a) shaping. b) extinction. c) classical conditioning. d) negative reinforcement.