Al's statement, "During the last 30 years, my living arrangement pattern would best be described as single to married with children to divorced and on my own," exemplifies

a. external continuity

Ellis says frustration only' leads to aggression if __________

Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).

When she first started using cocaine, Helena really enjoyed the positive feelings that she got from the highs. After some time of using, however, she found that the "lows" that she experienced when she came off of the drug were too unpleasant to bear, and thus she was now using just to avoid experiencing those unpleasant feelings. Helena's cocaine addiction would best be explained from the ________ .

a. substance induced myopia. b. the opponent-process theory. c. amotivational syndrome. d. an expectancy effect.