Which of the following is an example of a primary policy-maker?

Union membership in France

A. is very high. B. is lowest of all industrialized countries. C. is required of all workers. D. forms the basis of political parties.

All of the following conclusions concerning the effects of descriptive representation are true EXCEPT ______.

a. the poor suffer in the distribution of goods and services because they are badly underrepresented b. African Americans and women have gained symbolically from greater representation in Congress c. African Americans and women have clearly gained substantively from greater representation in Congress d. the primary effect of descriptive representation appears to be to bring neglected perspectives to the legislative process e. partisan identification is often more important than race or gender in determining the policy positions a representative will support