All of the following conclusions concerning the effects of descriptive representation are true EXCEPT ______.
a. the poor suffer in the distribution of goods and services because they are badly underrepresented
b. African Americans and women have gained symbolically from greater representation in Congress
c. African Americans and women have clearly gained substantively from greater representation in Congress
d. the primary effect of descriptive representation appears to be to bring neglected perspectives to the legislative process
e. partisan identification is often more important than race or gender in determining the policy positions a representative will support
c. African Americans and women have clearly gained substantively from greater representation in Congress
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Participants in a memory experiment are asked to learn a list of high-imagery words and then to learn a list of low-imagery words. Using the same participants in each condition could cause it to be confounded by
a. the use of different words types. b. carryover and/or order effects. c. demand characteristic. d. experimenter bias.
States that grant their governors strong formal powers include Alabama, New Hampshire, and Oklahoma
a. True b. False Indicate whether the statement is true or false