It is easy to label all adolescent problems as either internalizing or externalizing disorders

An expert on parenting is addressing parents at the local grade school. When the topic of punishment is discussed, what is one outcome of punishment the expert is likely to note for the parents to consider?

a. Punishment can also lead to the child acting aggressively. b. Punished children tend to do really well in school. c. Punishment motivates the child to focus on schoolwork. d. Punishment tends to increase the number of nightmares experienced. e. Punishment is more effective than reinforcement in changing children's behavior.

Three-month-old Gracie accidentally gets her hands to her mouth. Since her sucking reflex is still in place, she begins to suck on her hand. This feels good

Later in the day, she puts her hands to her mouth and begins sucking quickly because it feels good. What substage is she in? a. substage 1: simple reflexes b. substage 2: first habits and primary circular reactions c. substage 3: secondary circular reactions d. substage 4: coordination of secondary schemes