An expert on parenting is addressing parents at the local grade school. When the topic of punishment is discussed, what is one outcome of punishment the expert is likely to note for the parents to consider?

a. Punishment can also lead to the child acting aggressively.
b. Punished children tend to do really well in school.
c. Punishment motivates the child to focus on schoolwork.
d. Punishment tends to increase the number of nightmares experienced.
e. Punishment is more effective than reinforcement in changing children's behavior.

a. Punishment can also lead to the child acting aggressively.