Adolescents who compare themselves with others who are slightly less proficient or skilled than themselves are engaging in ________ social comparison

A psychologist is often skeptical of claims suggesting that

A) people are influenced by others' thoughts and behaviors. B) a particular behavior is the result of a single causal variable. Correct. Most behaviors are the result of multiple factors. A single-variable explanation is very rarely accurate. C) a person's culture is a strong influence on his or her everyday thoughts and behaviors. Incorrect. Recent years have seen an enormous increase in psychology's recognition that the impact of culture on behaviors must always be considered. D) a person's future behavior is often difficult to predict accurately.

In Clark Hull's conceptualization of motivation, emphasis was placed on the role of

a. social approval. b. tension reduction. c. achievement need. d. sex.