In Clark Hull's conceptualization of motivation, emphasis was placed on the role of
a. social approval.
b. tension reduction.
c. achievement need.
d. sex.
Answer: b. tension reduction.
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Which of the following students provides the best summary of the research on children's metamemory?
a. Arthur: "Children understand some of the characteristics of memory, but they don't realize that you need to make a real effort in order to memorize something." b. Maya: "Children have very little awareness of any aspects of metacognition until they have reached school age." c. Katarina: "Children develop metacognitive abilities much earlier than psychologists had previously suspected; these skills are quite sophisticated by the time children reach school age." d. Luke: "Unfortunately, it is difficult to assess cognitive skills in preschool children; but 5-year-olds have metacognitive skills that resemble the skills of 10-year-olds."