According to the text, cost-effectiveness analysis is often used in ______.

Arguments against nonpartisan elections include all but which one of the following?

a. Nonpartisan elections rob the voters of the most important symbol that they have for making electoral choices. b. Nonpartisan elections contribute to low voter turnout. c. Nonpartisan elections undermine the development of strong state parties because the grassroots are weak. d. Nonpartisan elections encourage the development of civic organizations that are basically political parties whose purposes are not always clear to the voters. e. Nonpartisan elections enhance the community's ability to effectively criticize the government in power.

The difference between parliamentary systems of government and the system of government contained in the Constitution is

a. parliamentary systems minimize the conformity costs compared with the political system in the United States. b. the separation of powers contained in the U.S. Constitution imposes higher transaction costs than in parliamentary government. c. the decision of the legislature is constrained by executive and judicial vetoes. d. the U.S. Constitution explicitly recognizes the divine right of kings.