According to Freud, repressed memories, motives, and conflicts remain active in the personality and cause some people to develop rigid ego defenses and compulsive, self-defeating behavior

According to the article Yoking Smokingabout operant conditioning, behavioral psychologists often reward

successive approximations of a behavior to teach a rat to press a bar (e.g. , first rewards the rat for turning toward the bar, then only rewards the rat for standing near the bar, then only rewards the rat for leaning its nose on the bar, etc). What is this process called? (a) modeling (b) shaping (c) token economy (d) noncontingent reinforcer

What is another term for subjective self?

A) Existential self B) Objective self C) Metacognitive self D) Rational self