Alcohol and amphetamines both suppress dreaming by interfering with REM sleep

Which of the following countries had one of the lowest estimated life expectancies in 2015?

Macau Japan Swaziland Singapore

According to the article Yoking Smokingabout operant conditioning, behavioral psychologists often reward

successive approximations of a behavior to teach a rat to press a bar (e.g. , first rewards the rat for turning toward the bar, then only rewards the rat for standing near the bar, then only rewards the rat for leaning its nose on the bar, etc). What is this process called? (a) modeling (b) shaping (c) token economy (d) noncontingent reinforcer