A core assumption of early theories of associative learning was that learning did not require any thinking, or cognition. Animals, it was widely assumed, did not have "minds" and certainly could not "think" in anyway like humans do. A classic series of studies conducted in the 1930s at the University of California at Berkeley, began to challenge this assumption. These experiments that involved
rats finding their way through mazes and which demonstrated latent learning were conducted by psychologist
a. Edward Tolman.
b. B. F. Skinner.
c. John B. Watson.
d. Albert Bandura.
a
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Scott received a great money-saving credit card offer in the mail complete with a frequent-flyer reward program. He reads on further to find that the one mile for every dollar spent may not be such a great offer after all because he gets a $500 airline ticket only after he acquires 25,000 miles or spend $25,000. This is a _____ schedule.
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).
Fred is afraid of spiders. He won't even watch a nature show on TV about them. When he sees a picture of a spider, he has a panic attack, but when he avoids looking at the image, his panic goes away. Fred's avoidance of spiders is being __________________
a) extinguished, because he feels anxious after doing so b) recovered spontaneously, because he will never get better c) positively reinforced, because he is rewarded by his anxiety going down d) negatively reinforced, because he is rewarded by his anxiety going down