The hilum is a notched or indented area on the kidney through which the ureter, nerves, blood vessels, and lymph vessels enter and leave the kidney

What is the initial event in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary artery hypertension (IPAH)?

a. Insult to the pulmonary endothelium b. Elevated level of serotonin c. Monoclonal proliferation of endothelial cells d. Vascular remodeling

Approximately what percentage of all lung cancer is linked to smoking?

a. 50% to 55% b. 70% to 75% c. 85% to 90% d. 100%