The use of some form of concealment is characteristic of __________ observations

Babies of fathers who smoke have higher rates of birth defects, infant mortality, and cardiovascular problems. This may be due to

a. the production of abnormal sperm. b. the effects of second-hand smoke. c. decreased endorphin production in the fetus. d. increased thyroid hormone production in the fetus.

If a stimulus produces a response before training begins, that stimulus is:

a. a conditioned stimulus b. an unconditioned stimulus c. a discriminative stimulus d. an associative stimulus