If a stimulus produces a response before training begins, that stimulus is:

Rationalization involves

A) motivated forgetting of distressing experiences. B) unconscious attribution of our negative qualities onto others. C) providing reasonable-sounding explanations for unreasonable behaviors or failures. D) transforming an anxiety-producing experience into its opposite.

As a class project, a group of students decides to view television programs to see how much violence occurs. What are they likely to find?

a) Violence occurs primarily in adult programs. b) Most programs have violent scenes, with very few having antiviolence messages. c) Violent scenes are counterbalanced by scenes that promote prosocial attitudes and behaviors. d) Most violent scenes are so unrealistic that most viewers do not see any connection or effect from what they view.