Perceptions of confidence and stress controllability are termed:

Is having a gender variant identity more likely caused by nature- or nurture-related factors?

a) Nature. Gender variant disorder almost always reflects hormonal abnormalities. b) Nurture. Gender variant disorder almost always stems from abusive or pathological parenting. c) Gender variant disorder probably reflects an interaction between nature and nurture. d) Psychologists have not examined gender variant disorder enough to know.

__________ plays a role in whether empathy prompts sympathetic, prosocial behavior or a personally distressed, self-focused response

A) Effortful control B) Emotional masking C) Temperament D) Birth order