Research shows that there is sometimes a progression of withdrawal in response to job dissatisfaction. Which of the following is often the first withdrawal response?

The modern era of stress research began

a. when Julian Rotter published a monograph reporting the ways in which an internal or external locus of control influences a person's health. b. when Susan Staples provided research evidence documenting the human response to environmental noise. c. when J. G. Courtney found that chronic work-related stresses were linked to colon and rectal cancers. d. when Hans Selye published a book detailing the ways in which heat, cold, toxins, and danger disrupt the body's equilibrium.

As views of substance dependence have changed based on scientific research, the real driving force behind repeated excessive drug use is now believed to be

A. psychological dependence, based on reinforcement. B. physical dependence, caused by tolerance. C. an allergic reaction to the substance. D. unmet psychological needs in early childhood.