Which of the following best fits the stage of reading which lasts from birth to the start of first grade, where children learn the essential prerequisites for reading, such as identifying letters?

Which of the following statements about sex differences in computer use is true?

A) Boys show greater use when software programs include background music. B) Girls more often analyze data and use graphics software. C) Girls typically focus on information gathering and social networking. D) Girls acquire more specialized computer knowledge.

Janice tends to engage in a great deal of negative self­talk in which she constantly "puts herself down."

To eliminate this negative self-talk, Janice sets aside time each day to deliberately think of the unwanted thought and then to shout "Stop!" aloud and with conviction. She will repeat this procedure 10 or 20 times for the first two or three days. Then, she will switch to shouting "Stop!" to herself rather than aloud whenever these negative thoughts occur. Janice is using which procedure? a. desensitization b. covert sensitization c. thought stopping d. operant suppression