Which aspect is least likely to be part of a definition of consciousness?

In Tinbergen's study of mating in stickleback fish, the female triggers the male courtship ritual. She would be called the:

a. social releaser b. appetitive behavior c. action specific energy d. innate releasing mechanism

Imagine that your friend James has just taken up the habit of smoking cigars because he thinks it makes him look cool. You are concerned about the detrimental effects of smoking on his health, and you raise that concern to him. James gets a bit annoyed with your criticism and says, "My grandfather smoked cigars, and he lived to be 100!" You might point out that a major problem with his argument involves

A. framing. B. the conjunction rule. C. sample size. D. none of these