In Tinbergen's study of mating in stickleback fish, the female triggers the male courtship ritual. She would be called the:

Jason is a 10-year-old boy who knows that a science test is scheduled for tomorrow morning. According to the discussion of children's metacognition, Jason probably

a. believes that he doesn't need to spend much time studying for the test. b. plans to use distributed learning in studying for the test. c. can accurately assess which items he has mastered and which require more study. d. plans to use at least two different memory strategies in studying for the test.

Baking bread, getting a massage, exercising, and mindfulness meditation techniques are all ways to ________

a. replace the urgency of Type A behaviors with less intense Type B characteristics. b. move from emotion-focused coping styles into more effective problem-focused coping. c. cope with stress by taking time out and reducing the body's physiological arousal. d. begin to develop the skills to create a stress-free life.